The history of coffee is surrounded by legend and speculation.  It is noted that coffee existed in Yemen in the 1400’s and travelers came specifically to these Yemen coffee houses to appreciate this stimulating beverage.  During the 1600’s Europe began to enjoy this aromatic brew and today coffee is known and enjoyed in every nation.   Worldwide, after crude oil, coffee is the 2^nd most important product of trading.  Over 6 million tons are produced annually providing jobs for over a million people. 

The pharmacologically active ingredient in coffee is caffeine, a mild stimulant.  A cup of coffee typically has between 90-150 mg. of caffeine.  Instant coffee has between 60-80 mg and decaffeinated coffee has only 2-7 mg. per cup.  The strength of the coffee is determined by its preparation method.  Drip coffee has a little more caffeine then percolated coffee.  Caffeine is found in many sodas, teas and is often added to painkillers such as aspirin because of its strengthening properties.   What is known about coffee include:

• Excess or late night coffee drinking can trigger sleeplessness and agitation in certain people, however, regular coffee consumption seems to reduce sensitivity to the caffeine. 
• Withdrawal symptoms are common for those who drink in excess of four cups per day, and then, abruptly stop drinking coffee.   These symptoms can include mild headache, drowsiness and fatigue and can last for several days. 
• Caffeine, a mild diuretic, can contribute to dehydration in those people whose fluid intake is less than adequate.
• Excessive caffeine intake has been associated with some demineralization of the calcium in the bones.  However, adding one glass of milk per day to the meal plan seems to compensate for any lost calcium via coffee consumption.
• Coffee is best if it is ground immediately before brewing or kept in the freezer to retain its flavor.
• Coffee contains polyphenals, the antioxidants similar to those found in red wines, and black and green teas.

Coffee houses are becoming very popular and the many variations of coffee drinks are increasing.  Some of these variations contribute to the addition of sugar and fat, but a coffee drink with skim milk, no sugar, may actually have some health benefits and contribute to the decline of the popular sugar laden pops.  As in all things, drinking coffee in moderation is not detrimental to health.